motors

A test probe, test prod, scope probe or test lead is a physical device used to link electronic test equipment to a device under test or DUT. They range from extremely easy, rugged devices to complex probes that are sophisticated, expensive, and delicate. A current probe generates a voltage proportional to a current in the circuit being determined; as the proportionality continuous is known, instruments that respond to voltage can be calibrated to indicate current. Current probes can be used both by determining instruments and oscilloscopes. To determine or display the modulating waveform of a modulated high-frequency signal, for example: an amplitude-modulated radio signal-a probe fitted with an easy diode de-modulator can be used. The probe will output the modulating waveform without the high-frequency carrier.

In-circuit test or ICT is an example of white box testing where an electrical probe tests a populated printed circuit board "PCB", checking for shorts, opens, resistance, capacitance, and other basic quantities which will show whether the assembly was correctly fabricated. It may be carried out with a bed of nails type test fixture and specialist test equipment, or with a fixture-less in-circuit test setup.

A function generator is typically a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate different types of electrical wave forms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common wave forms created by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and saw-tooth shapes. These wave forms can be either repetitive or single-shot which needs an internal or external trigger source. Integrated circuits used to generate wave forms may also be described as function generator ICs. Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are typically not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals. When those characteristics are needed, other signal generators would be more appropriate. Some function generators can be phase-locked to an external signal source which may be a frequency recommendation or another function generator. Function generators are used in the development, test and repair of electronic equipment. For example, they may be used as a signal source to test amplifiers or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

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